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[RECAP] Cangkir Teh #5 : Aspek Normatif dalam Bantuan Peningkatan Kapasitas Keamanan Siber Internasional : Pengalaman Jepang dan Korea Selatan
/in Featured, Past Events/by iis.fisipolKamis (30/08) lalu, Institute of Internarnational Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada (IIS UGM) menyelenggarakan Diskusi Cangkir Teh edisi #5 yang bertajuk “Aspek Normatif dalam Bantuan Peningkatan Kapasitas Keamanan Siber Internasional : Pengalaman Jepang dan Korea Selatan”. Dalam kesempatan kali ini, IIS UGM mengundang Azza Bimantara, alumni HI UGM yang baru saja menyelesaikan studi pascasarjana-nya di Corvinus University of Budapest. Sebagai moderator, IIS UGM menghadirkan Nabilah Nur Abiyanti, Staf Riset IIS UGM yang bertugas mendampingi Azza dalam diskusi tersebut.
Tema diskusi kali ini merupakan elaborasi dari topik tesis Azza yang berjudul “The Normative Enactment of International Cybersecurity Capacity Building Assistance: A Comparative Analysis on Japanese and South Korean Practices”. Dalam pemaparannya, Azza membahas mengenai bantuan peningkatan kapasitas keamanan siber internasional dengan mengomparasikan pengalaman kedua negara yang berbeda, yaitu Jepang dan Korea Selatan.
Pembahasan dimulai dengan pemaparan Azza tentang latar belakang dan signifikansi dari Cybersecurity Capacity Building Assistance (CCB) yang menimbulkan berbagai problematika, di antaranya ketidakmampuan untuk memanfaatkan kemajuan teknologi informasi dan kerentanan akan serangan dalam ranah dunia maya, terutama bagi negara-negara berkembang dengan tingkat penetrasi internet yang rendah,. Selanjutnya, muncul pertanyaan: bagaimana perbedaan penekanan normatif oleh negara-negara donor dapat mempengaruhi berbagai bentuk program atau proyek CCB yang dilakukan bagi negara-negara penerima? Dengan pendekatan hybrid state-centric dan international-centric, Azza memilih Jepang dan Korea Selatan sebagai sampel negara donor yang ditelitinya dalam menjawab pertanyaan tersebut.
Di satu sisi, struktur normatif kerjasama keamanan siber internasional Jepang lebih berorientasi pada aspek keamanan. Sebagai implikasinya, terbentuklah identitas dan peran Jepang dalam tata kelola keamanan siber internasional sebagai negara yang memiliki prioritas kepentingan normatif dan material yang condong ke arah aspek keamanan. Identitas dan peran tersebut termanifestasikan dalam bantuan CCB internasional yang lebih berorientasi pada aspek keamanan.
Di sisi lain, struktur kerjasama keamanan internasional Korea Selatan yang menitikberatkan pada aspek pembangunan merupakan implementasi dari reputasi positif Korea Selatan di bidang pembangunan internasional. Sebagai hasilnya, Korea Selatan lebih menekankan bantuan CCB internasionalnya dengan didasari dengan kepentingan normatif dan material yang lebih didominasi oleh aspek pembangunan serta berorientasi non-keamanan.
Sebagai penutup sesi pemaparan, Azza menyimpulkan bahwa analisis komparatif di antara Jepang dan Korea Selatan yang dikaji melalui pendekatan hybrid state-centric dan international-centric, sebagaimana tercantum pada metodologi penelitiannya, dapat menggambarkan fragmentasi norma-norma siber global, yang disebabkan oleh munculnya perbedaan proses dan persepsi oleh negara-negara di seluruh dunia.
Seusai sesi pemaparan oleh narasumber, kegiatan dilanjutkan dengan sesi diskusi yang berlangsung dengan kondusif dan dipenuhi dengan pertanyaan dari para audiens.
Penulis : Raditya Bomantara
Editor : Tim Publikasi IIS
[RECAP] The Normative Enactment of International Cybersecurity Capacity Building Assistance: A Comparative Analysis on Japanese and South Korean Practices
/in Featured, Past Events/by iis.fisipolLast Thursday (30/08), the Institute of International Studies, Gadjah Mada University (IIS UGM), successfully held the fifth edition of Diskusi Cangkir Teh entitled “Normative Aspects in International Cybersecurity Capacity Assistance: The Experiences of Japan and South Korea.” On this occasion, IIS UGM invited Azza Bimantara, an alumnus of International Relations major, Gadjah Mada University, who had just finished his postgraduate study at the Corvinus University of Budapest. Acting as the moderator, IIS UGM welcomed Nabilah Nur Abiyanti, one of the research staff at IIS UGM, to accompany Azza in the discussion.
The discussion’s theme is an extended elaboration of Azza’s thesis under the title “The Normative Enactment of International Cybersecurity Capacity Building Assistance: A Comparative Analysis on Japanese and South Korean Practices.” Accordingly, in his presentation, Azza compared the international cybersecurity capacity-building assistance of Japan and South Korea.
The discussion was kicked off by Azza’s explanation of the background and significance of Cybersecurity Capacity Building Assistance (CCB), which caused particular problems, such as the inability to benefit from the technological advances and the vulnerability of digital threats, especially for developing countries with a low internet penetration level. Furthermore, a curious question emerged: how does the disparity of normative emphasis by donor countries affect the many programs or CCB projects organized by the recipient countries? Through the hybrid state-centric and international-centric approach, Azza picked Japan and South Korea as the samples of donor countries under his scrutiny.
On the one hand, Azza found that Japan’s normative structure in terms of international cybersecurity cooperation is tilted heavily to the security aspect. As an implication, under the global cybersecurity management, Japan obtained its renowned role and identity as a donor who prioritizes normative and material interests which lend themselves to security concerns. Such position and identity manifested itself on Japan’s international CCB assistance that concerns security aspects.
On the other hand, South Korea’s international cybersecurity structure emphasizes the development aspect as an implementation of South Korea’s favourable reputation in international development. Consequently, South Korea underscored material and normative interests dominated by development aspects and non-security orientation as the foundation of her international CCB.
In his closing remarks, Azza concluded that the comparative analysis between Japan and South Korea through the lens of hybrid state-centric and international-centric approaches, as elaborated in his research methodology, enables the fragmentation of global cyber norms due to the different processes and perceptions constructed by states all over the world.
Following the presentation session by Azza, the event carried on with a productive and conducive Q&A session with the audiences.
Writer : Raditya Bomantara
Editor : Publication Team IIS
[RECAP] Annual Convention on Global South 2021 | International Order Beyond the Pandemic: Repositioning of the Global South
/in Past Events/by iis.fisipolPada Tanggal 13 s/d 15 September 2021, IIS UGM menyelenggarakan: Annual Convention on Global South 2021 yang bertemakan “International Order Beyond the Pandemic: Repositioning of the Global South” secara daring via ZOOM. Selama 2 hari berlangsungnya konferensi, peserta dapat menghadiri seminar yang diisi oleh pembicara – pembicara berkualitas dalam sesi seminar, yang kemudian dilanjutkan oleh sesi panel yang menghadirkan para presenter paper yang telah melalui proses seleksi oleh IIS UGM. Selain lewat ZOOM, rangkaian kegiatan GOSOUTH tahun ini dapat diakses lewat kanal Youtube HI UGM
Hari pertama GOSOUTH 2021 dibuka dengan sesi konferensi hari pertama yang menghadirkan Vijay Prashad dari Tricontinental : Institute of Social Research sebagai keynote speaker, yang kemudian dilanjutkan oleh sesi pemaparan oleh para pembicara. Pada sesi hari pertama, IIS UGM mengundang Hassan Wirajuda, Mantan Menteri Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia dan Christian Reus Smit dari University of Queensland untuk berbagi mengenai pandangannya tentang Global South dan pandemi global, yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan sesi diskusi yang berjalan dengan kondusif dengan para peserta. Untuk mendamping para pembicara, pada hari pertama IIS UGM mengundang Luqman-nul Hakim dan Muhadi Sugiono dari Departemen Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Gadjah Mada sebagai chair. Sesi hari pertama kemudian ditutup dengan diskusi panel pertama yang bertemakan “South-South Cooperation and the Reconfiguration of Geopolitics”
Hari kedua dibuka dengan diskusi panel yang membahas mengenai topik “Climate Justice and Environmental Issue in Global South” yang berlangsung sebelum sesi konferensi. Untuk sesi konferensi hari kedua, IIS UGM mengundang Rizky Alif Alvian dari Departemen Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Gadjah Mada sebagai chair. Sesi konferensi hari kedua menghadirkan empat pembicara, yatu Utz Johann Pape dari World Bank, Diah Kusumaningrum dari Universitas Gadjah Mada, Frans Djalong dari Universitas Gadjah Mada dan Maria Tanyag dari Australian National University. Sesi pemaparan oleh keempat pembicara kemudian dilanjutkan oleh sesi diskusi yang berjalan dengan kondusif dengan para peserta konferensi, sebelum akhirnya Rizky Alif menutup sesi konferensi GOSOUTH 2021.
Hari terakhir rangkaian kegiatan GOSOUTH 2021 merupakan diskusi tiga panel berbeda yang berjalan secara simultan. Pada hari ketiga ini, para peserta dapat memilih untuk mengikuti pemaparan materi para presenter dalam panel – panel yang bertemakan “Contesting Resilience : Pandemic, Development, and Resistance”, “Theorising Global South : Representation, Moral Basis, and Realpolitik” dan “Digital Global Development : From Digital Inequality to Digital Justice”. Berakhirnya ketiga panel tersebut menandakan berakhirnya rangkaian kegiatan Annual Convention on Global South 2021 : International Order Beyond the Pandemic: Repositioning of the Global South”
[RECAP] Beyond the Great Wall #15: Transforming Perceptions about China: The Role of Culture and Mass Media
/in Featured, Past Events/by iis.fisipolOn Friday (25/06), the Institute of International Studies UGM held the 15th edition of Beyond the Great Wall Forum, titled “Transforming Perceptions about China: The Role of Culture and Mass Media.” In this edition, BTGW was held online via the Zoom Meetings platform and invited two speakers. First, M. Habib Pashya, an assistant researcher of the International Relations department in Universitas Islam Indonesia, presented “Efforts to Improve China’s Bad Reputation in Indonesia through the Confucian Institute.” The second speaker is Aucky Adi Kurniawan, a student from Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang and researcher in Indonesia International Studies Academic Utilization Community, who presented “The Role of Chinese and Western Mass Media in Framing the Uyghur Conflict.” The moderator for this discussion was Indrawan Jatmika, staff of the Research Division in IIS UGM.
Whether it is in Indonesia or at the global level, people’s perception of China is often dominated by doctrines constructed from the West—which lens has been focused on China’s negative side. Responding to this, China is not staying still. Pashya stated that China had been actively engaging with cultural diplomacy since the Cold War era through his presentation. This is because China realizes that China’s political and economic power was relatively weak at the time. China’s cultural diplomacy is enforced through various programs, such as student exchange programs, international events such as the Beijing Olympic of 2008, social campaigns through mass media and radio, international aid such as the Belt and Road Initiative, and by establishing the Confucian Institute in countries all around the world. The Confucian Institute is aimed to promote the Mandarin language and Chinese culture globally. Right now, there are about 500 Confucian Institutes in almost 140 countries—including Indonesia. In Indonesia, the existence of the Confucian Institute has spread massively, especially after Confucianism is recognized as one of the state’s religions during Gus Dur’s presidency. The cultural, diplomatic strategy through the Confucian Institute is done along with the worsening of China’s reputation in Indonesia, especially with the stigmatization against communism and events such as the G30S and the 98 crisis. Essentially this strategy succeeds in bringing a more positive image about China in Indonesia—especially with the emergence of various collaborations with several universities and Muslim organizations. However, in 2019, negative perceptions about China rise significantly because of the Uyghur conflict, problems in the South China Sea, and the COVID-19 pandemic.
Focusing on media studies, through his presentation, Aucky explained that basically, “who controls the media, controls the world.” This is what Aucky calls the key behind China’s vigorous efforts in a media campaign, using media as a tool to fix its political image—especially about the Uyghur conflict. The Uyghur conflict has a long and extensive history; it is a minority ethnic group based in Xinjiang, often depicted by Western media as victims of genocide done by the Chinese government. There are many reports about the existence of concentration camps in Xinjiang intentionally built by the Chinese government to brainwash the Uyghur minorities to become supporters of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). As a response, the CCP, through the Global Times, a media corporation under its wing, released several news reports framing the Uyghur conflict as a separatist movement. Hence, the Chinese government needs to take serious actions against such threats. Framing is done by publishing stories and news such as “Allegedly Missing Uyghurs Found Living Normally,” indicating that the Uyghur minority in China live normally—the total opposite of Western media reports. Such news is also used to counter stories published by media such as the New York Times, a media company under the wing of the US government, such as “Inside China’s Push to Turn Muslim Minorities into an Army of Workers.” Using the theoretical framework of constructivism and framing model analysis in journalism, Aucky stated that it is evident how mass media is used as a political instrument and a tool for propaganda, both by China and the West, especially regarding the politicization of the Uyghur problem.
Writer : Brigitta Kalina
Editor : Mariola Yansverio
[RECAP] Beyond the Great Wall #15: Transformasi Persepsi terhadap Cina: Peran Budaya dan Media Massa
/in Featured, Past Events/by iis.fisipolPada Jumat (25/06) lalu, Institute of International Studies UGM menyelenggarakan forum Beyond the Great Wall bertajuk “Transformasi Persepsi terhadap Cina: Peran Budaya dan Media Massa”. Edisi ke-15 dari BTGW ini diselenggarakan secara daring melalui platform Zoom Meetings dan menghadirkan 2 pembicara. M. Habib Pashya, asisten riset Hubungan Internasional Universitas Islam Indonesia, menjadi pembicara pertama yang memaparkan materi mengenai “Upaya Perbaikan Identitas Cina yang Buruk di Indonesia melalui Institusi Konghucu”. Kedua, forum BTGW kali ini juga dihadiri oleh Aucky Adi Kurniawan, mahasiswa Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang sekaligus Peneliti di Indonesia International Studies Academic Utilization Community, dengan materi yang berjudul “Peran Media Massa Cina dan Barat dalam Framing Konflik Uyghur”. Moderator diskusi kali ini adalah Indrawan Jatmika, staf Divisi Riset IIS UGM.
Berbicara mengenai persepsi masyarakat, baik di Indonesia maupun di lingkup global, terhadap Cina, seringkali didominasi oleh doktrin ala Barat—yang selama ini hanya fokus pada sisi negatif Cina. Menanggapi hal tersebut, Cina tidak tinggal diam. Pashya melalui presentasinya menyampaikan bahwa Cina secara aktif melakukan diplomasi budaya sejak perang dingin karena menyadari bahwa kekuatan ekonomi dan politiknya masih lemah di kala itu. Diplomasi budaya Cina dilakukan melalui berbagai kegiatan, yaitu pertukaran pelajar, event seperti Beijing Olympic 2008, kampanye melalui media massa dan radio, bantuan internasional seperti Belt and Road Initiatives, serta pendirian institusi Konghucu di berbagai negara. Pendirian institusi Konghucu sendiri biasanya ditujukan untuk mempromosikan Bahasa Mandarin dan budaya Cina ke berbagai penjuru dunia. Hingga saat ini, telah ada setidaknya 500 institusi yang tersebar di 140 negara – termasuk Indonesia. Di Indonesia sendiri, keberadaan institusi Konghucu telah tersebar cukup masif, utamanya setelah disahkannya Konghucu sebagai agama di Indonesia pada era Gus Dur. Strategi diplomasi budaya melalui institusi Konghucu ini dilakukan seiring dengan gencarnya persepsi buruk terhadap Cina di Indonesia, utamanya terkait dengan kuatnya label buruk komunisme di Indonesia dan juga peristiwa seperti G30S dan krisis 98. Pada dasarnya, strategi ini berhasil untuk menciptakan persepsi positif di Indonesia – utamanya seiring dengan munculnya berbagai kerjasama dengan berbagai universitas dan organisasi-organisasi Muslim. Namun, di tahun 2019, persepsi negatif terhadap Cina kembali memuncak seiring adanya isu Uyghur, Laut Cina Selatan, serta pandemi COVID-19.
Berfokus pada kajian media, Aucky melalui presentasinya memaparkan bahwa pada dasarnya “who controls the media, controls the world.” Inilah yang disebut Aucky sebagai kunci dari gencarnya upaya Cina untuk memperbaiki citra politiknya melalui media, utamanya terkait dengan konflik Uyghur. Memiliki sejarah yang cukup panjang, Uyghur sebagai etnis yang tinggal di wilayah Xinjiang kerap kali dibingkai—oleh media barat—sebagai genosida yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Cina terhadap etnis minoritas. Banyak tulisan yang menyatakan bahwa terdapat kamp konsentrasi di Xinjiang yang sengaja dibuat oleh Pemerintah Cina untuk mencuci otak mereka yang beretnis Uyghur agar menjadi pro Partai Komunis Cina (PKC). Seolah ingin membantah berita tersebut, PKC melalui Global Times, media yang berada dibawah naungannya, merilis berita-berita tandingan dengan menyatakan bahwa isu Uyghur adalah isu yang terkait dengan gerakan separatisme dan karenanya Pemerintah Cina harus melakukan tindakan-tindakan untuk mencegah berbagai kegiatan yang mengancam integrasinya. Hal ini dilakukan dengan cara merilis berita “Allegedly Missing Uyghurs Found Living Normally” yang menyatakan bahwa kehidupan masyarakat beretnis Uyghur di Cina berjalan dengan normal, seratus delapan puluh derajat berbeda dengan apa yang disampaikan oleh media barat. Berita ini juga dirilis untuk membantah tulisan-tulisan yang dirilis oleh New York Times, sebuah media massa yang berada di bawah naungan Pemerintah Amerika Serikat, salah satunya adalah “Inside China’s Push to Turn Muslim Minorities Into an Army of Workers”. Menggunakan landasan konseptual konstruktivisme dan analisis framing model dalam jurnalisme, Aucky menyatakan bahwa dapat dilihat jika media massa pada dasarnya digunakan oleh baik Cina ataupun negara-negara barat sebagai instrumen politik dan propaganda, utamanya terkait politisasi isu Uyghur.
Penulis : Brigitta Kalina
Penyunting : Mariola Yansverio
[RECAP] Webinar on Nonviolent Actions “Whoever Abandons Violence…”
/in Past Events/by iis.fisipolOn Thursday, April 29 2021, the Damai Pangkal Damai team, a database project on nonviolent action in Indonesia, alongside with Institute of International Studies UGM, held an online seminar on nonviolent action titled “Barangsiapa Meninggalkan Kekerasan…” (Whoever Abandons Violence). This webinar lasted two days, from the 29th until Friday the 30th, it was held as part of FISIPOL UGM 2021 research grant, publication, and community service program. This forum invited six speakers that represent six biggest nonviolent actions in Indonesia, the speakers for the first day of the event are Mama Aleta Baun (Pokja Dat), Ms Sukinah (Ibu-Ibu Kendeng), dan Arie Utami (Jeda Iklim). Meanwhile, speakers for the second day of the event are Ms. Sumarsih (Aksi Kamisan), Juwita Djatikusumah (Sunda Wiwitan), dan Gendis Syari (Gejayan Memanggil). The webinar on Friday was moderated by Diah Kusumaningrum, a researcher at IIS and lecturer at the Department of International Relations UGM, who also represents the Damai Pangkal Damai team. Meanwhile, on the first of the event, the moderator was Ayu Diasti Rahmawati.
Talking about nonviolent actions in Indonesia, the six speakers have their views regarding how each of their movements interprets nonviolence. On the first day of the webinar, the discussion was about nonviolent resistance on issues of environmentalism in Indonesia. Ms Sukinah, also known as Yu Nah, is part of the Kendeng Women Movement; they met with various public officials several times, both at the regional and local levels. They even went to the Merdeka Palace as part of their protest. These women of Kendeng who participate in the protest event cemented their own feet, making them the frontline of the movement to avoid violence and clashes with the police. For Yu Nah, whose resistance focuses on resisting the development of a cement factory in Kendeng, nonviolent resistance must be interpreted in the day to day context. For example, by stressing that the water people use in the village will be polluted, its existence will become scarce if the limestone mountains are gone. Like Yu Nah, Mama Aleta Baun also convinced women in Mollo by bringing up simple questions such as ‘If we do not protect natural resources, what will we eat? Where are we going to get water?” Aside from those simple questions, Mama Aleta stated that nonviolent action needs to be accompanied by several efforts, such as providing an example, giving time, having enough energy, having the will to sacrifice and be willing to contribute financially for the collective struggle. In addition to that, another critical aspect is the importance to educate the adversary. “The enemy is not there to be defeated, but it is there to be educated”, said Mama Aleta Baun. Lastly, Arie Utami, as a representation of Jeda Iklim, stated that in doing nonviolent actions, it is crucial to create a sense of safety for all the participants so that they are willing to partake in the movement. Because members of the Jeda Iklim movement come from different layers of society, some are still in school; it is crucial to focus on aspects of safety and coordination to mitigate risks. Concerning this, the key to the success of nonviolent resistance in Indonesia is to organize the protest creatively, brief, and coordinate well before the protest.
On the second day of the event, the forum invited Ms Sumarsih, Ms Djuwita Djati, and Gendis Syari to discuss defending human rights. For Ms Sumarsih, Aksi Kamisan, done with the picketing method in front of the presidential palace by wearing black attires, is the ideal form of nonviolent action. In Aksi Kamisan, nonviolent actions were chosen because peaceful methods can attack the opponent’s “moral jiujutsu”. Around 600 protests have been done, Aksi Kamisan has developed itself into being an educative source for anyone who wants to learn about politics (including the police). Moreover, it has become room for research. Unlike Aksi Kamisan with its picketing method, the Sunda Wiwitan community, led by Ms Djuwita Djati, uses another form of nonviolence by lying down in the middle of the roadblock access to indigenous land that the government are going to grab. Despite experiencing many forms of structural violence due to their beliefs, the Sunda Wiwitan community continue to involve itself in nonviolent resistance because they believe that it can attack the authorities’ moral jiujutsu. In many of their actions, when officers are going to grab their indigenous land or when clashes occur, the Sunda Wiwitan movement started to lay down on the road and sing the Ibu Pertiwi song—symbolizing a sense of connection between the motherland as a biological mother. The nonviolence spirit is also celebrated by the Gejayan Memanggi movement that took place in Yogyakarta in 2019. According to Gendis, the reason why Gejayan Memanggil, whose majority of participants are university students, could be done peacefully is because of three things, which are 1) The location pick of Gejayan, which holds significant meaning, and coordination with local residents—through “kula nuwun”, 2) The emphasis on collective identity and stressing on the idea that violence is not an option, and 3) The form of resistance that leans more towards a political carnival was successful in attracting many parties to join, including those who never participated in a protest before. In this case, Gendis stated that nonviolent and inclusive action coupled with the motivation to create a civil union in a binary political context enabled Gejayan Memanggil to attract broad participation.
Writer : Brigita Kalina
Editor : Mariola Yansverio