Entries by iis.fisipol

[RECAP] Pameran Foto Terpandu Virtual: Dari Mata Hibakujumoku: Hidup di Bawah Bayang-Bayang Senjata Nuklir

Dalam rangka memperingati 75 tahun meledaknya bom atom di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki, Institute of International Studies UGM menyelenggarakan pameran foto terpandu virtual yang bertajuk “Dari Mata Hibakujumoku: Hidup di Bawah Bayang-Bayang Senjata Nuklir” pada Minggu, 9 Agustus 2020 lalu. Pameran ini merupakan bagian dari rangkaian acara 75th Anniversary of the Atomic Bombing Series yang diinisiasi oleh IIS UGM berkolaborasi dengan International Committee of the Red Cross/ICRC yang bertujuan menunjukkan urgensi pelarangan senjata nuklir dan ratifikasi Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Kegiatan dipandu oleh Muhadi Sugiono, anggota Tim Kampanye International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons/ICAN, dan Sonya Teresa, peneliti IIS UGM.

Pameran foto terpandu virtual “Dari Mata Hibakujumoku” terbagi ke dalam tiga sesi, yaitu sesi pameran foto virtual, sesi breakout room, serta sesi tanya jawab. Ada tiga babak dalam sesi pameran foto virtual. Dalam babak I yang berjudul “Dunia Abu-Abu Kehitaman”, pemandu menceritakan kisah Hibakujumoku—para penyintas bom atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki—yang menyaksikan dan mengalami sendiri penderitaan akibat senjata nuklir. Foto-foto yang diperoleh dari ICRC, ICAN, Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, dan sumber-sumber lainnya memperlihatkan secara jelas betapa mengerikannya dampak pascaledakan—baik fisik maupun psikis—yang membawa trauma mendalam bagi para penyintas hingga saat ini.

Melalui babak II: “Penguasa-Penguasa Tamak dan Teriakan dalam Sunyi”, pemandu mengajak para peserta pameran untuk melihat bagaimana negara-negara tetap bersikeras untuk mengembangkan senjata nuklir walaupun dampak destruktif yang diciptakan sangat nyata. Babak ini juga menceritakan gelombang demonstrasi menentang pengembangan senjata nuklir yang telah bermunculan di berbagai belahan dunia sejak tahun ‘50-an. Namun, nyatanya, justru muncul persaingan senjata nuklir pada tahun ‘80-an, utamanya antara AS dan Uni Soviet. Peristiwa ini memicu demonstrasi yang lebih besar di Eropa, Amerika Serikat, dan Jepang.

Sesi pameran terpandu virtual ditutup dengan babak ketiga yang bertajuk “Masa Depan Kita, Masih Adakah Senjata Nuklir di Sana?”. Pemandu mengajak kita untuk melihat bahwa sejak tahun 1996, negara-negara di dunia mulai merumuskan aturan-aturan perlucutan senjata nuklir. Namun, perang kepentingan antara negara-negara pemilik senjata nuklir menjadi hambatan terbesar dalam perumusan aturan tersebut. Di tahun 2017, PBB mengeluarkan mandat berupa negosiasi bagi Traktat Pelarangan Senjata Nuklir. Hingga 75 tahun setelah tragedi di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki, 82 negara telah menandatangani dan 44 negara telah meratifikasi perjanjian tersebut. Supaya senjata ini dapat benar-benar lenyap dari dunia, perlu ada tujuh negara lagi yang meratifikasi Traktat Pelarangan Senjata Nuklir. Pada bagian inilah peran Indonesia dibutuhkan.

Setelah menyaksikan pameran foto terpandu virtual, para peserta dibagi ke dalam tiga kelompok breakout room. Melalui forum yang lebih kecil ini, para peserta—dipandu oleh masing-masing perwakilan dari IIS—mencoba untuk merefleksikan beberapa pertanyaan seusai melihat pameran foto dan cerita di baliknya: Apakah saat mendengar kata Hiroshima dan Nagasaki, impresi Anda sama seperti dengan apa yang dilihat dari Hibakujumoku? Apakah alasan yang digunakan untuk mengembangkan senjata nuklir cukup masuk akal? Apakah Anda akan selamat jika tiba-tiba mendapatkan serangan senjata nuklir? Secara aktif, para peserta saling berdiskusi dan bertukar opini dari pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut. Pada diskusi forum-forum kecil ini, mayoritas peserta percaya bahwa pengembangan senjata nuklir bukanlah hal yang masuk akal jika melihat dari dampaknya. Penting bagi negara-negara untuk sadar betul mengenai pentingnya perlucutan senjata nuklir sehingga dapat benar-benar musnah dari dunia. Berbagai pertanyaan yang muncul dalam diskusi ini selanjutnya dibahas dalam forum yang lebih besar dalam sesi tanya jawab. Dalam sesi ini, para peserta berkesempatan untuk bertanya dan secara langsung dijawab oleh Muhadi Sugiono serta Christian Donny Putranto, penasihat hukum International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), yang turut hadir dalam pameran foto terpandu virtual kali ini.


Penulis : Brigitta Kalina Tristani Hernawan

Penyunting : Medisita Febrina

[RECAP] Virtual Photo Exhibition: Through the Eyes of Hibakujumoku: Living Under the Shadows of Nuclear Weapons

In commemoration of the seventy-fifth year since the Hiroshima-Nagasaki tragedy, Institute of International Studies/ IIS UGM organized a virtually-guided photo exhibition titled “Through the Eyes of Hibakujumoku: Living Under the Shadows of Nuclear Weapons” on 9 August, 2020. In collaboration with the International Committee of the Red Cross/ICRC, the exhibition was initiated by IIS UGM as part of the 75th Anniversary of the Atomic Bombing Series. It tried to showcase the urgency of nuclear weapons ban through ratification of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Muhadi Sugiono, a campaigner for the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons/ICAN, and Sonya Teresa, an IIS researcher, guided the event.

The event was divided into three sections: virtual exhibition, breakout sessions, and question-and-answer session. The virtual exhibition, itself, comprised of three stages. The first, “A World of Dark Ashes”, told accounts of the catastrophe in the perspective of hibakujumoku—in Japanese, meaning trees that survived the bombing—through narrations delivered by the guide.  The photographs, collected from ICRC, ICAN, Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, and other reliable sources exhibited post-explosion atrocities—both physical and psychological—which brought immense trauma upon survivors to this day.

In the second stage, “Greedy Rulers and Screams in Silence”, participants looked at how states insisted on developing nuclear weapons despite evident destructive effects. The photographs also told stories of social movements against nuclear weapons development since the 1950s. However, nuclear race persisted in the 1980s, particularly between the US and the Soviet Union. The phenomenon incited larger demonstrations in Europe, the US, and Japan.

The last stage, “In Our Future, Will Nuclear Weapons Still Be There?”, showcased how states have started discussions on nuclear weapons ban since 1996. However, clash of interest between states continued to be the biggest obstacle in the creation of a legal instrument. In 2017, UN issued a mandate in the form of negotiation for the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. To this day, 82 states have signed the Treaty, while 44 others have ratified it. To ensure total abolition, the Treaty needs another seven states to ratify. This is where the Indonesian government needs to step in.

After the exhibition ended, the participants were divided into three small breakout rooms. In the small discussion forums led by IIS representatives, the participants tried to reflect several important questions related to the photographs and the stories behind them: When you hear the word Hiroshima and Nagasaki, did you imagine the same impression as that of hibakujumoku’s? Does the reasoning behind nuclear weapons development make sense? If there were to be a nuclear explosion now, will you survive? The majority of participants agreed that nuclear weapons development is not worth the after effect. Hence, it is necessary that states fully realize the importance of disarmament and total abolition. After answering and exchanging thoughts on the matter, the discussion continued in the larger forum for a question-and-answer session, with added insights from Muhadi Sugiono and Christian Donny Putranto, legal advisor for ICRC.


Writer : Brigitta Kalina Tristani Hernawan

Editor : Medisita Febrina

[RECAP] IIS UGM Berpartisipasi dalam Tanggap Darurat COVID-19

Dalam menghadapi situasi pandemi COVID-19, Institute of International Studies (IIS) UGM turut berpartisipasi dalam berbagai upaya tanggap darurat COVID-19, di antaranya melalui skema hibah pengabdian masyarakat FISIPOL UGM. Sejak 12 Juni 2020, IIS UGM, bekerja sama dengan Pusat Studi Perdagangan Dunia (PSPD) UGM dengan diketuai oleh Ibu Siti Daulah Khoiriati, MA, dosen Departemen Ilmu Hubungan Internasional UGM, melaksanakan program hibah pengabdian kepada masyarakat tanggap darurat Covid-19 FISIPOL UGM 2020 dengan judul “Penguatan Usaha Rumah Tangga Perempuan Menghadapi Dampak COVID-19 Melalui Pembentukan Online Marketplace berbasis Media Sosial.” Kegiatan ini ditujukan kepada Koperasi Mitra Insani di daerah Godean, Yogyakarta. Kegiatan ini memprioritaskan kelompok perempuan dikarenakan di Koperasi Mitra Insani, kelompok perempuan berperan sebagai kepala keluarga untuk menafkahi keluarganya. Dengan adanya pandemi, maka sumber pemasukan bagi para pelaku usaha perempuan di Koperasi Mitra Insani mengalami penurunan karena warung makanan yang diharuskan tutup untuk mengurangi risiko terpapar virus. Oleh karenanya, program ini dilakukan untuk mendukung kegiatan jual beli masyarakat selama pandemi COVID-19 melalui pembekalan literasi digital dan pemanfaatan media sosial sebagai sarana promosi dan penjualan.

Mengingat situasi yang mengharuskan adanya physical distancing, maka program ini dilaksanakan melalui Kuliah Whatsapp (KULWAP) untuk menyampaikan materi setiap minggunya. Melalui KULWAP yang dilaksanakan selama tiga minggu berturut-turut, IIS dan PSPD UGM berbagi pengetahuan dengan pelaku usaha perempuan Koperasi Mitra Insani Yogyakarta untuk menunjang kelangsungan aktivitas jual beli daring berbagai macam produk, mulai dari makanan hingga pakaian. Materi yang disampaikan meliputi penjelasan fitur-fitur Whatsapp yang bermanfaat untuk memasarkan produk, cara memotret produk untuk menghasilkan gambar yang menarik, serta metode pengemasan produk makanan atau bahan makanan agar tetap segar selama disimpan atau dikirim. Dalam penyampaian materi pun dibantu oleh narasumber dari luar, yaitu Tito Ardiyan selaku fotografer profesional dan Ibu Arifah selaku peneliti di Pusat Studi Perdagangan Dunia sekaligus dosen di Fakultas Pertanian UGM.

[layerslider id=”30″]

Setelah KULWAP berakhir, ibu-ibu Koperasi Mitra Insani Yogyakarta pun langsung mempraktikkan materi yang telah disampaikan. Dengan materi pemanfaatan fitur Whatsapp, para pelaku usaha pun semakin mahir memanfaatkan fitur status dan broadcast Whatsapp untuk mempromosikan produk. Pemasaran produk semakin efektif dengan kemampuan ibu-ibu mengambil gambar produk dengan pencahayaan yang cukup, sudut pandang yang mampu memperlihatkan rincian produk, serta pemanfaatan kontras warna untuk menonjolkan produk. Terakhir, produk makanan yang dijual juga akan tahan lama karena para pelaku usaha dapat semakin meminimalisasi paparan oksigen terhadap makanan selama penyimpanan.

Demi meningkatkan kelangsungan aktivitas jual beli daring, IIS UGM membantu menyusun alur online marketplace baru di Whatsapp untuk dimanfaatkan oleh ibu-ibu anggota koperasi. Nantinya, para anggota akan memasarkan produknya lewat katalog di akun Whatsapp Business yang dikelola oleh Ibu Askiyah selaku kepala koperasi. Pembeli akan melihat produk yang dipasarkan lewat katalog di Whatsapp Koperasi Mitra Insani dan menghubungi akun tersebut untuk membeli produk yang diinginkan. Harapannya, aktivitas jual beli yang terpusat akan memudahkan pemasaran produk dan pengelolaan transaksi dalam skala yang lebih besar.
Berikut alur tata kelola online marketplace yang ditawarkan untuk Koperasi Mitra Insani:

Selain berpartisipasi dalam upaya pembentukan online marketplace bagi para pelaku usaha perempuan di Koperasi Mitra Insani, IIS UGM turut berpartisipasi dalam membantu jogjabregas.id, salah satu inisiatif hibah pengabdian masyarakat tanggap darurat COVID-19 FISIPOL UGM. Jogjabregas.id berupaya membangun pangkalan informasi seputar cara baru beradaptasi dengan situasi pandemi yang dilakukan oleh warga Yogyakarta di bidang pendidikan serta kesejahteraan. Inisiatif jogjabregas.id ini terdiri dari empat tema konten, yaitu Segar Waras, Kampung Berdaya, Pintar dari Rumah, dan Serba Serbi Covid.

IIS UGM berkolaborasi dengan jogjabregas.id untuk Kampung Berdaya, sebuah program yang bertujuan mengumpulkan dan menceritakan kembali kisah inisiatif-inisiatif baik dan inspiratif warga Yogyakarta untuk beradaptasi dengan pandemi, sembari menjaga kesehatan, keselamatan, dan kesejahteraan bersama melalui penyediaan infografis, artikel, serta podcast. Kolaborasi IIS UGM ini diharapkan dapat turut mengedukasi masyarakat luas, khususnya warga Yogyakarta dalam beradaptasi di tengah pandemi ini.


Penulis: Brigitta Kalina, Denise Michelle, Medisita Febrina

[RECAP] IIS UGM Emergency Response to Mitigate the Repercussions of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Together with Center for World Trade Studies (CWTS UGM), Institute of International Studies (IIS UGM) took part in alleviating the negative effects of the pandemic on businesses by participating in the community service grant scheme provided by Faculty of Social and Political Sciences (FISIPOL UGM). Starting from 12 June 2020, the team, led by Siti Daulah Khoiriati, MA—a lecturer in the Department of International Relations UGM—implemented a program titled “Reinforcement of Women-Owned Home-Based Businesses in the Wake of COVID-19 through Social Media-Based Online Marketplace”. This activity targeted the members of all-female Koperasi Mitra Insani located in Godean, Yogyakarta, in which most of the members acted as breadwinners in the family. Amidst the pandemic, income for members of the co-op—which mostly sold F&B products—decreased as their food stalls were forced to close down to prevent transmission. Hence, the program aimed to enable the members to continue commercial activities by equipping them with digital literacy and social media utilization skills.  

As the pandemic situation required physical distancing, the program was delivered weekly through Whatsapp. For three consecutive weeks, IIS and CWTS UGM shared useful know-hows with members of the co-op which will help them in promoting and selling their goods—ranging from F&B to garments—online. The insights included elaboration on Whatsapp features for promotional purposes, ways to take decent pictures of the products, and best food packing methods. Tito Ardiyan, a professional photographer, as well as Arifah, a researcher in CWTS UGM and lecturer in the Faculty of Agriculture UGM, were invited to help in delivering the insights. 

[layerslider id=”30″]

Immediately after the sessions ended, the members practiced the previously-taught skills. They were able to utilize Whatsapp status and broadcast features to spread information about the products. Promotion became even more effective as they took better pictures with adequate lighting, right angles, as well as color contrast. Lastly, the products would stay fresh longer as the members were able to minimize oxygen exposure better.  

In order to boost online commercial activities, IIS UGM helped in creating a new online marketplace flow using Whatsapp. The members will promote their products through a Whatsapp business account organized by Ibu Askiyah as head of the co-op. Customers will view the co-op’s products through a catalogue published on the account and contact the account to place a purchase. Setting up a business account, hopefully, will centralize transactions and enable better promotion, as well as simplify organization of transactions on a larger scale. In detail, here is how the online marketplace will work: 

  1. The organizer will store images of each member’s products to establish an online catalogue.
  2. The organizer will include images of the products on the catalogue and promote them.
  3. Customers will place purchases and finish payments via Whatsapp business account. 
  4. Members will ship the goods directly to customers.
  5. The organizer will hand the revenue to the members after charging an administration fee. The fee will be collected to pursue collective necessity.

IIS UGM also collaborated with jogjabregas.id, a community service initiative in the form of an information base containing insights on best ways to adapt to the pandemic practiced by people residing in Yogyakarta. The insights are placed under four themes, revolving around topics of education and welfare, including Segar Waras, Kampung Berdaya, Pintar dari Rumah, and Serba Serbi COVID. 

Through production of infographics, articles, and podcasts, IIS UGM collaborated with jogjabregas.id in disseminating information under section Kampung Berdaya. In hopes of educating the public, the program aims to share inspiring stories and honorable initiatives to maintain health, safety, and welfare set up by Yogyakarta residents in the middle of COVID-19 spread.


Writer: Brigitta Kalina, Denise Michelle, Medisita Febrina
Translator: Medisita Febrina

[RECAP] Beyond The Great Wall #9 : China and Issues Amidst the New Normal

On Saturday (11/7), Institute of International Studies (IIS UGM) organized its bimonthly discussion forum Beyond the Great Wall/BTGW virtually. The ninth edition of BTGW invited Julian Lilihata, MA, alumna of Tsinghua University and Arrizal Anugerah Jaknanihan, undergraduate student of Department of International Relations UGM. The discussion titled “China: Issues Amidst the New Normal” tried to illustrate the challenges China is facing in the era of new normal, while still fighting the relentless COVID-19 pandemic.

Julian began the discussion, “The Second Wave of Coronavirus in Beijing”, by describing the situation of the first wave pandemic in China. When the first outbreak occurred in Wuhan, there had been a mistake in declaring the outset of the virus spread as a result of obscure reporting. According to South China Morning Post, the first case was discovered on 17th November 2019, while Wall Street Journal reported that the first case was detected on 10th December 2019. At the dawn of the outbreak, eight doctors tried to warn the public and conduct research on the virus. However, they were stopped by the Wuhan Public Security Bureau and were called to sign a letter declaring their involvement in illegal activity that disrupted public order. The signing was aired via Xinwen Lianbo.

Serious actions were only taken in the beginning of 2020. On 1st January 2020, the authorities closed Huanan Seafood Market (where the first cases of COVID-19 were discovered). Two weeks later, massive temperature measurement was conducted in several public spaces. People with high body temperature were immediately taken to the hospital. In Beijing, the first two cases were identified on 19th January 2020. Five days following the discovery, plenty of prevention measures were applied, namely days off work, provision of face masks and hand sanitizers, temperature measurement, disinfection, centralized treatment for COVID-19 patients in 89 hospitals, and termination of religious events and long-distance transportation services. Activities in the week prior to Chinese New Year holiday—from 24th January to 2nd February—were major factors in the spike of cases, in which people still travel with public transportations and go on vacations despite lockdown in Wuhan beginning on 23rd January.

Following the Chinese New Year influx, the first wave of COVID-19 cases in Beijing peaked on 5th February with additional 114 cases. In response to the phenomenon, the government put various prevention measures in place. In order to disseminate precise and accurate information about government’s discretion regarding the pandemic, mobile application Beijing Health Kit Apps was launched as a medium of communication between the government and the people. The app also served as a digital identification card that can be used in public facilities. Moreover, purchase of fever medicine required identification card as an attempt to record possible COVID-19 cases. The Beijing Social Security Bureau also provided protection for dual-income families. As a result of such fast response, the curve between the first and last two weeks of COVID-19 cases in Beijing fell.

Subsequent to the outbreak, numerous adaptations and changes were made, such as new eating manner and change in reckless spitting habit. Changes were also made in foreign flights, in which foreign citizens were suggested not to fly back to Beijing as many cases were “imported”, meaning that many were transmitted from foreign citizens. The government even stopped direct flights to Beijing and diverted the flights to surrounding cities with less COVID-19 cases. Three days after COVID-19 cases peaked in Beijing, the ban on foreign citizens entry were imposed on 27th March.

[layerslider id=”29″]

By the end of the first wave, COVID-19 death rate was lower compared to SARS 2003 by virtue of maximal treatment and aggressive prevention policy enforcement. Moreover, digitalization played an important role, as it effectively reduced direct contact through practice of cashless transactions, simplified identification process through digital identification card, and assisted information distribution via Beijing Health Kit App used daily by the people. The presence of volunteers also contributed immensely to alleviating the spread of COVID-19, as they helped keep record of the people in quarantine, distributed food, and assisted in doing house chores unable to be done by those confined. As much as the pandemic affected daily lives directly, it also affected the people indirectly. It roused the people’s quest for rights of free speech, particularly in the case of Dr. Li Wenliang’s death.

After the first wave ended, signs of normal activities that were seen in the first week of June didn’t last long. The following week, three new cases were discovered, two of them found in Fengtai Meat Food Research Center. On 13th June, another six cases from local transmission in Xinfadi Market—the biggest grocery market in Asia—located in Fengtai District were detected. Responding to the newfound cases, the government immediately took action. Three core steps were taken: sweeping, testing, and isolation. The testing became more massive in the second wave, in which, a week after the new cases emerged, 2.3 million people had been tested. The government also applied wartime mechanism in management standards. In the third week of June, public spaces were, again, closed. Correspondingly, several responsible government officials and authorities of the Xinfadi Market were fired. The second wave was quite distinct compared to the first, as the testing was more aggressive and massive, both on those who were directly and indirectly affected. Several other measures also made the second wave stood out from the first, with extended quarantine duration from 14 days to 21 days, stricter track recording of people, and local isolation, as well as different types of isolation depending on the level of risk: high, moderate, and low.

Arrizal delivered the second presentation titled “From Beijing to the Streets of Hong Kong: How Students Form the Democratization Movement in Contemporary China”. Despite the pandemic, the people of Hong Kong persisted to commemorate the Tiananmen 1989 Tragedy on 4th June. In China, the Tiananmen Protest had become resilience symbol of democratization movements. Though the discussion on democratization is still taboo in the Chinese government, democracy has long become a part of the Chinese national identity discourse. Before the Chinese Civil War was won by the Chinese Communist Party/ CCP in 1949, Chinese leaders then attempted to adopt democracy as one of the nation’s principles.

Protests—mainly the ones driven by university students—has been occurring in China for a long time, although not always meant to go against the authorities. In mainland China, two phases of protests occurred: protests supported by the political elite in Mao’s era (1949-1976) and 1989-now; and protests organized against the political elite in the era of Republic (1911-1949) until the early post-Mao years (1976-1989). Despite being different in characteristics, these protests should be viewed in unity as a continuous series of events.

Under Deng Xiaoping, the Chinese political system underwent a transition phase and no longer focused on ideological aspects. Such character promoted reform in the field of politics. Unlike in Mao’s presidency, the CCP in Deng’s era encouraged the public to express their opinion. This period is often referred to as the Beijing Spring—derived from the term Arab Spring—as it gave space for pro-democracy movements to rise. One of the most influential pro-democracy symbols were the Xidan Walls illustrating CCP’s “openness” to proceed with the rejuvenation agenda.

One of the most influential student protests in modern Chinese history were the May Fourth 1919. The movement was initiated to counter the outcome of Versailles Treaty which was viewed as an attempt to turn China over to Japan and western countries. The May Fourth became a pillar for the following student protests and eventually prompted the nationalist movement in China. In 1986, students from all over China organized a protest demanding a political reform. The protest secured an indirect support from Hu Yaobang, then CCP’s secretary general. Three years later, the Tiananmen Protest were organized to commemorate his passing. The occurrence was the accumulation and peak of small student protests since 1976.

According to Arrizal, there were—at least—six reasons why protests were often organized by university students. First, the protest culture, which was born in the era of nationalist movements, kept driving reform movements in universities established in said reformation era. Also, presence of moral support and exclusive identity of university students supported such protests. Third, centralized location allowed easier assembly; in 1930, 60% of Chinese students were only concentrated in two cities, Beijing and Shanghai. Fourth, university students, unlike other repressed groups in the civil society, had self-determining characteristics as a group. They were also privileged with exposure to ideas of democracy through formal education and western dissemination. Lastly, university students had weaker bonds with the state ever since the Imperial Civil Examination was abolished in 1905.

Wrapping up his explanation, Arrizal stated that student protests following the May Fourth 1919, Tiananmen 1989, and Hong Kong protests can’t be viewed as entirely separate movements. Said protests should be seen in unity of a long-established democratization movement. Different political, social, and economic condition in China today also influenced the existence of similar protests in the 21st century.


Writer: Denise Michelle
Translator: Medisita Febrina

[RECAP] Beyond The Great Wall #9 : Cina dan Problematika di Era New Normal

Pada Sabtu (11/7) lalu, Institute of International Studies (IIS) UGM kembali mengadakan forum diskusi dwibulanan Beyond the Great Wall (BTGW) secara daring. BTGW edisi kesembilan menghadirkan Julian Lilihata, MA, alumnus Tsinghua University dan Arrizal Anugerah Jaknanihan, mahasiswa Departemen Ilmu Hubungan Internasional UGM. BTGW edisi kali ini bertajuk “Cina: Problematika di Era New Normal” untuk menggambarkan tantangan yang dihadapi Cina di era new normal sembari terus berusaha menghadapi pandemi COVID-19 yang belum juga usai.

Forum diskusi diawali dengan pemaparan oleh Julian mengenai “Gelombang Kedua Virus Corona di Beijing”. Pada gelombang pertama penyebaran virus COVID-19 di Wuhan, terdapat kebimbangan dengan adanya kesimpangsiuran pemberitaan mengenai perkembangan awal kasus infeksi. Menurut South China Morning Post, kasus pertama terdeteksi pada 17 November 2019, sedangkan menurut Wall Street Journal, kasus pertama terdeteksi pada 10 Desember 2019. Pada masa awal penyebaran virus, terdapat beberapa dokter yang berusaha memperingatkan rekan sejawat mereka akan adanya kasus infeksi mirip SARS. Namun, Biro Keamanan Publik Wuhan memanggil dan melakukan represi terhadap delapan dokter tersebut dengan meminta mereka menandatangani surat pernyataan bahwa mereka telah melakukan aktivitas ilegal yang mengganggu keamanan publik. Penandatanganan ini disiarkan secara publik lewat Xinwen Lianbo.

Penanganan yang terbilang serius baru dijalankan di awal 2020. Pada 1 Januari 2020, Pasar Makanan Laut Huanan—tempat kasus-kasus pertama COVID-19 terdeteksi—ditutup. Dua minggu setelahnya, pengukuran suhu dilakukan di berbagai tempat umum. Penduduk yang demam langsung segera dirujuk ke klinik demam. Dua kasus COVID-19 di Beijing secara resmi terdeteksi pada 19 Januari 2020. Lima hari setelah kasus terdeteksi, telah banyak aksi pencegahan yang dilakukan seperti libur kerja, penyediaan masker dan hand sanitizers, pemeriksaan suhu di banyak titik, disinfeksi bangunan, penanganan pasien dengan gejala demam secara terpusat di 89 rumah sakit yang dilengkapi dengan fasilitas klinik demam, penghentian kegiatan ibadah, dan penutupan layanan transportasi jarak jauh. Faktor yang berkontribusi membuat penyebaran virus ini semakin meluas adalah kesibukan penduduk pada satu minggu menjelang libur tahun baru Cina yang berlangsung pada pada 24 Januari-2 Februari. Selama periode tersebut, arus transportasi masih berjalan normal, seperti sebelum lockdown diberlakukan dan banyak orang telah mengambil cuti dari seminggu sebelumnya, sehingga menimbulkan indikasi pergerakan penduduk yang telah terjangkit di hari-hari sebelum lockdown diberlakukan.

Dengan adanya arus balik libur tahun baru Cina, periode puncak pertama infeksi wabah di Beijing terjadi pada 5 Februari dengan tambahan 114 kasus. Menanggapi fenomena tersebut, pemerintah mengusahakan berbagai cara untuk mencegah penyebaran. Demi memberikan informasi secara tepat dan akurat untuk merespon wabah, pemerintah meluncurkan aplikasi Beijing Health Kit Apps. Aplikasi tersebut berfungsi sebagai media komunikasi dari pemerintah ke masyarakat terkait kebijakan selama pandemi sekaligus sebagai kartu identitas jika bepergian ke ruang publik. Selain itu, pembelian obat demam di apotek mewajibkan pelaporan KTP agar tercatat. Biro Keamanan Sosial Beijing pun memberikan perlindungan keluarga berpenghasilan ganda. Sebagai hasil dari respon yang cepat ini, terjadi penurunan kurva yang signifikan antara dua minggu pertama dengan dua minggu terakhir di bulan Februari.

Akibat pandemi, terdapat berbagai perubahan dan upaya adaptasi yang dilakukan, seperti munculnya revolusi tata cara makan. Adaptasi juga dilakukan dengan menghimbau warga asing untuk tidak kembali ke Beijing sebab banyak kasus COVID-19 yang merupakan kasus “impor”, yakni tercatat pada orang-orang yang tiba di Beijing dari negara lain. Pemerintah bahkan menghentikan penerbangan langsung ke Beijing dan mengalihkannya ke beberapa kota sekitar Beijing dengan angka infeksi COVID-19 yang lebih rendah. Tiga hari setelah kasus COVID-19 di Beijing memuncak, larangan masuknya warga asing ke Beijing diterapkan pemerintah pada 27 Maret.

[layerslider id=”29″]

Secara keseluruhan, angka kematian COVID-19 di Beijing lebih rendah dibandingkan epidemi SARS 2003 karena adanya upaya penanggulangan yang maksimal serta penegakan kebijakan yang agresif untuk menekan angka terinfeksi dan kematian akibat COVID-19. Selain itu, digitalisasi menjadi salah satu faktor penting karena mampu mengurangi kontak langsung, misalnya mengurangi pemakaian uang tunai (cashless) serta memudahkan identifikasi terhadap status kesehatan, dan memudahkan distribusi informasi lewat Beijing Health Kit App yang digunakan oleh warga setiap hari. Adanya kontribusi sukarelawan juga penting karena mereka berperan membantu pendataan, pelayanan terhadap kebutuhan sehari-hari, dan berbagai aktivitas rumah lainnya yang tidak dapat dilakukan oleh orang yang sedang dikarantina. Di samping beberapa upaya adaptasi untuk menekan angka kasus, penyebaran COVID-19 juga berdampak secara tidak langsung pada aspek politik negara Cina, yakni dengan meningkatnya tuntutan kebebasan untuk berpendapat, tepatnya setelah meninggalnya Dokter Li Wenliang (salah satu dari delapan dokter yang telah dibahas sebelumnya).

Pasca gelombang pertama, tanda-tanda normalisasi kehidupan publik yang sudah terlihat pada minggu pertama Juni tidak bertahan lama.  Pada minggu kedua, kembali ditemukan tiga kasus, dua di antaranya berasal dari Pusat Peneliti Daging Hewan di Fengtai. Kemudian, pada 13 Juni, ditemukan enam kasus dari transmisi lokal di pasar grosir makanan terbesar di Asia, yakni Pasar Xinfadi di Kecamatan Fengtai. Merespon kasus tersebut, pemerintah dengan tanggap melakukan berbagai upaya. Pemerintah langsung melakukan tiga langkah penting: sweeping, testing, dan isolation. Testing semakin masif dilakukan pada gelombang kedua ini, di mana seminggu setelah kasus ini juru bicara pemerintah menyebutkan bahwa telah ada 2,3 juta penduduk yang dites. Di minggu kedua bulan Juni, pemerintah juga menerapkan standar pengelolaan dengan tingkat genting (mekanisme masa perang) dan pada minggu selanjutnya, ruang publik kembali ditutup. Sebagai upaya disipliner, pemerintah melakukan pemecatan terhadap beberapa pejabat dan pengelola pasar Xinfadi yang dianggap bertanggung jawab. Perbedaan gelombang kedua dan gelombang pertama secara signifikan terlihat lewat testing yang dilakukan dengan lebih masif dan agresif ke orang-orang yang terdampak langsung maupun tidak langsung, adanya peningkatan masa karantina dari 14 menjadi 21 hari, pendataan orang-orang yang semakin ketat, isolasi yang lebih bersifat lokal serta penanganan berbeda bagi tiap tingkatan dari high risk, moderate risk, hingga low risk.

Pemaparan kedua dilanjutkan oleh Arrizal dengan judul “Dari Beijing ke Jalanan Hong Kong: Bagaimana Mahasiswa Membentuk Gerakan Demokrasi di Cina Kontemporer”. Meski di tengah pandemi, masyarakat Hong Kong tetap melakukan peringatan terhadap tragedi Tiananmen 1989 pada tanggal 4 Juni lalu. Di Cina, Protes Tiananmen telah menjadi simbol resiliensi gerakan demokrasi. Meski demokrasi dianggap tabu dalam pemerintahan Cina, demokrasi telah lama menjadi bagian dari diskursus identitas nasional Cina. Sebelum akhirnya Perang Saudara Cina dimenangkan oleh Partai Komunis Cina (PKC) pada tahun 1949, para pemimpin saat itu berusaha mengadopsi demokrasi sebagai salah satu prinsip negara.

Protes—utamanya yang dimotori mahasiswa—di Cina telah terjadi sejak lama, namun tidak selalu dilakukan untuk melawan otoritas yang ada. Terdapat dua fase protes di dataran Cina, yaitu yang didukung oleh elit politik (era Mao tahun 1949-1976 hingga tahun 1989-sekarang) dan yang melawan elit politik (era Republik tahun 1911-1949 hingga awal pasca Mao tahun 1976-1989). Namun, protes-protes ini berkesinambungan satu sama lain dan menjadi satu kesatuan.

Di bawah Deng Xiaoping, sistem politik Cina mengalami masa transisi dan tidak lagi menitikberatkan kebijakan pada aspek ideologi, sehingga mendukung adanya reformasi dalam ranah politik. Tidak seperti pada era Mao, PKC pada masa pemerintahan Deng Xiaoping mendorong publik untuk mengekspresikan opininya. Periode ini kerap disebut Beijing Spring (mengacu pada Arab Spring) karena memberi celah bagi gerakan prodemokrasi untuk muncul. Salah satu simbol yang paling berpengaruh adalah Tembok Xidan yang digunakan sebagai wujud “keterbukaan” PKC untuk melakukan agenda rejuvenasi.

Salah satu protes mahasiswa yang paling berpengaruh dalam sejarah Cina modern yang dimotori oleh kalangan mahasiswa adalah May Fourth pada tahun 1919. Protes ini diinisiasi untuk melawan hasil perjanjian Versailles yang dinilai “menjual” Cina pada negara-negara Barat dan Jepang. Peristiwa May Fourth kemudian menjadi tonggak gerakan mahasiswa di Cina dan mendorong gerakan nasionalisme di Cina. Pada tahun 1986, mahasiswa dari berbagai wilayah di Cina melaksanakan protes yang menuntut adanya reformasi politik. Protes ini pun mendapat dukungan tidak langsung dari Hu Yaobang, sekretaris jenderal PKC. Tiga tahun kemudian, terjadi protes Tiananmen untuk memperingati wafatnya Hu Yaobang. Peristiwa Tiananmen menjadi puncak dan hasil akumulasi dari protes-protes kecil mahasiswa sejak tahun 1976.

Menurut pemaparan Arrizal, terdapat setidaknya enam alasan mengapa protes dimotori oleh mahasiswa. Pertama, keberadaan kultur protes sejak masa pergerakan nasional yang kerap mendorong gerakan reformasi yang berasal dari universitas-universitas yang didirikan pada masa reformasi tersebut. Kedua, adanya dorongan moral dan identitas eksklusif mahasiswa karena mahasiswa dipandang sebagai kelompok yang memiliki privilese. Ketiga, lokasi yang terpusat; pada tahun 1930, 60% mahasiswa Cina terpusat hanya di dua kota, yaitu Beijing dan Shanghai. Keempat, sifat mahasiswa sebagai kelompok masyarakat sipil yang cukup otonom dibandingkan kelompok masyarakat sipil lainnya yang dibungkam. Kelima, keiistimewaan mahasiswa sebagai kelompok pertama yang terpapar ide mengenai demokrasi lewat pembelajaran di bangku kuliah dan diseminasi dari Barat. Terakhir, lemahnya keterikatan antara mahasiswa dan negara sejak imperial civil examination dihapus tahun 1905.

Untuk menutup pemaparannya, Arrizal menyampaikan bahwa protes mahasiswa yang terjadi sejak May Fourth tahun 1919, protes Tiananmen tahun 1989, hingga protes di Hong Kong saat ini tidak dapat dipandang sebagai gerakan yang sepenuhnya terpisah. Protes-protes tersebut merupakan satu kesatuan dari gerakan yang menuntut adanya demokrasi sejak awal. Kondisi politik, sosial, dan ekonomi Cina yang kini berbeda pun turut memengaruhi keberadaan protes serupa di abad ke-21.


Penulis: Denise Michelle
Editor: Medisita Febrina

[RECAP] Cangkir Teh : Water Governance for the Urban Poor and COVID-19 Crisis: The Case Study of Jakarta

The government’s move towards new normal as a policy alternative in tackling COVID-19 is thought-provoking, in particular regarding the aptness of both the government and the people in anticipating the situation. As the new normal scheme demands every member of the society to pay extra attention to their health (with, amongst many other measures, frequent handwashing), it is necessary to observe how water—as a vital element in preventing COVID-19 transmission—is being governed. Notably in urban poor areas, water governance needs to be scrutinized to ensure equal access.

Intrigued by the issue, Institute of International Studies organized Berbincang dan Berpikir tentang Hubungan Internasional (Cangkir Teh) on Wednesday, 17 June 2020 online via Google Meet. Present in the fourth forum of Cangkir Teh was Marwa, M. Sc., a researcher in Center for World Trade Studies Universitas Gadjah Mada, as the speaker. Marwa brought about the topic of “Water Governance for the Urban Poor and COVID-19 Crisis: The Case Study of Jakarta”. In addition, Handono Ega—publication staff of IIS UGM—also attended as a moderator.

Marwa commenced the discussion by expressing the importance of discussing water governance issue. The matter is of great urgency as access to water in urban poor regions is still limited, particularly in Jakarta. Poor water governance poses the urban poor population as the group most vulnerable to lack of water, above all in times of pandemic. In defining water governance, Marwa put two approaches to use, namely the environmental justice approach and the feminist political ecology approach.

[layerslider id=”28″]

The environmental justice approach highlights the significance of recognition and participation aspects in water governance. The approach criticizes how established water governance policies are only fixated on water distribution between the elite and the urban poor, neglecting elements of recognition and participation. Such negligence contributes to the exclusion of urban poor population in the water governance scheme. The issue of recognition becomes an important point as limited access to water usually comes from urban poor settlements being deemed illegal. Moreover, the aspect of participation also needs to be taken into account, as the urban poor population is normally unable to participate in municipal water governance scheme, let alone in lower levels of households and communities. As the two facets were given little attention to in public discourse, existing policies are also void of them. Said policies include: (1) the cross-subsidy tariff scheme which, despite charging lower price to the urban poor, is yet to consider recognition; (2) the flexible payment mechanism which prioritizes subsidy, but overlooks recognition and participation; (3) the master meter program which provides an alternative for people who don’t own land certificates, but controversially legitimizes the “occupation” of illegal land by urban poor population.

Meanwhile, the feminist political ecology approach puts emphasis on the methods of daily water utilization. In practice, water governance and utilization might be policy-driven, requiring large-scale public collaboration, or needs-driven, usually limited to the vicinity of communities. In her analysis, Marwa asserted that access to water highly depends on the identity of an individual, covering his/her place of origins, type of settlement (whether permanent or semi-permanent), number of people in the household, status of land owner and even the individual’s place in the community. Different identities lead to different ways of obtaining access to water and certain identities are favored more compared to others. In aforesaid condition, the urban poor tend to be the one at disadvantage, having their access to water restricted. The feminist political ecology approach finds fault in the tendency of existing policies to generalize, causing inability to reach out to the society as a whole, especially the urban poor.

Observance of the situation in Jakarta leads to the conclusion that the established water governance involving different stakeholders on different scales is unable to give decent access to water for the urban poor, primarily amidst the spread of COVID-19. Large-scale social distancing measures compelled the urban poor into compromising their need of water and sanitation essential to health. In a more general context, the neglect of recognition and participation results in difficulties for migrants in Jakarta in accessing water. Government’s effort, unfortunately, was limited to providing handwashing facilities, which is—definitely—inadequate to satisfy the population’s daily need of water. At the end of her presentation, Marwa suggested that, instead of continuously debating on remunicipalization and privatization, it is essential for the government to move towards better recognition and participation of the people in water governance process. Besides, while the urban poor has always been mere tool of propaganda in improving water governance, the pandemic should be the right momentum to voice the importance of just, flexible, and sustainable water governance for the whole population.


Writer : Brigitta Kalina Tristani Hernawan

Editor : Medisita Febrina

[RECAP] Cangkir Teh : Water Governance for the Urban Poor and COVID-19 Crisis: The Case Study of Jakarta

Pergerakan pemerintah ke arah tatanan normal baru sebagai pilihan kebijakan dalam mengatasi pandemi COVID-19 saat ini menjadi hal yang sangat menarik untuk disoroti, terutama berkaitan dengan kesiapan—baik masyarakat maupun pemerintah—dalam menghadapi situasi ini. Di saat tatanan normal baru menuntut seluruh komponen masyarakat untuk lebih memperhatikan kesehatan (yang salah satunya meliputi cuci tangan sesering mungkin), penting untuk melihat bagaimana pengelolaan air dilakukan. Utamanya di wilayah urban poor, pengelolaan air perlu diamati dalam rangka memastikan akses setara terhadap air yang menjadi komponen utama pencegahan penyebaran COVID-19.

Berangkat dari hal ini, Institute of International Studies menyelenggarakan kegiatan Berbincang dan Berpikir tentang Hubungan Internasional (Cangkir Teh) pada Rabu, 17 Juni 2020 secara daring melalui Google Meet. Forum Cangkir Teh edisi ke-4 menghadirkan Marwa, M. Sc., peneliti di Center for World Trade Studies Universitas Gadjah Mada, sebagai pembicara. Marwa membawakan materi berjudul “Water Governance for the Urban Poor and COVID-19 Crisis: The Case Study of Jakarta”. Selain itu, forum ini juga mengundang Handono Ega, staf publikasi IIS UGM, sebagai moderator.

Marwa membuka diskusi dengan menyatakan bahwa persoalan tata kelola air menjadi topik yang sangat penting untuk didiskusikan karena masih terbatasnya akses masyarakat terhadap air di wilayah urban poor, utamanya di Jakarta. Tata kelola air yang buruk pada akhirnya menjadikan masyarakat urban poor sebagai pihak yang paling rentan terhadap pandemi COVID-19. Marwa menggunakan dua pendekatan dalam mendefinisikan pengertian dari tata kelola air, yaitu pendekatan environmental justice dan feminist political ecology.

[layerslider id=”28″]

Pendekatan environmental justice menyoroti pentingnya aspek rekognisi dan partisipasi dalam tata kelola air. Pendekatan ini mengkritisi bagaimana selama ini proses tata kelola air hanya mengutamakan aspek distribusi antara elit dan urban poor. Bagi pendekatan ini, rekognisi dan partisipasi menjadi poin penting yang selama ini hilang dari bahasan tata kelola air dan berkontribusi terhadap proses eksklusi masyarakat urban poor dalam skema tata kelola air. Persoalan rekognisi menjadi poin yang penting karena selama ini pemukiman mereka kerap dianggap ilegal. Hal tersebut berimplikasi pada terhambatnya akses air bagi mereka. Di sisi lain, partisipasi juga menjadi persoalan yang penting karena dalam praktiknya, masyarakat urban poor tidak dapat berpartisipasi dalam skema tata kelola air skala kota, apalagi ke dalam skala yang lebih rendah seperti rumah tangga dan komunitas. Karena aspek rekognisi dan partisipasi kerap luput dari pembahasan mengenai tata kelola air, kebijakan yang ada pun juga belum mencakup aspek-aspek tersebut. Ragam kebijakan yang dimaksud, di antaranya, mencakup: (1) cross subsidy tariff yang, walaupun menarik biaya lebih murah kepada masyarakat urban poor, belum memperhatikan aspek rekognisi; (2) flexible payment mechanism yang mengutamakan subsidi, namun kurang memperhatikan aspek rekognisi dan partisipasi; (3) master meter program yang menjadi alternatif bagi masyarakat yang tidak memiliki surat tanah, namun menjadi kontroversial karena dianggap melegitimasi “okupasi” masyarakat urban poor terhadap tanah ilegal.

Sementara itu, pendekatan feminist political ecology lebih mengutamakan praktik metode penggunaan air dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Dalam praktiknya, pengelolaan dan metode penggunaan air tergantung pada dua faktor, yaitu kebijakan (policy-driven) yang membutuhkan kerjasama publik dalam skala yang besar dan kebutuhan (needs-driven) yang biasanya terbatas pada skala komunitas terdekat. Dalam analisisnya, Marwa menyatakan bahwa akses terhadap air sangat tergantung pada identitas individu, seperti pendatang/warga asli, rumah permanen/semipermanen, jumlah orang per rumah, status pemilik tanah, bahkan kedudukan individu tersebut dalam komunitas. Identitas yang berbeda ini akan berpengaruh pada metode perolehan air seperti apa yang akan digunakan. Hal yang penting untuk digarisbawahi adalah bahwa sayangnya, identitas tertentu akan lebih diuntungkan dibanding yang lain. Salam konteks ini, urban poor menjadi pihak yang terancam tidak memperoleh akses terhadap air yang layak. Kritik yang disampaikan melalui pendekatan feminist political ecology cukup jelas, yaitu bahwa selama ini kebijakan yang dikeluarkan cenderung melakukan generalisasi dan pada akhirnya tidak mampu menjangkau keseluruhan masyarakat, terutama urban poor.

Jika melihat situasi di Jakarta, proses tata kelola air yang melibatkan berbagai stakeholder dalam skala yang berbeda-beda justru belum mampu memberikan akses terhadap air yang baik bagi masyarakat urban poor, terutama di masa pandemi COVID-19. Adanya kebijakan PSBB dalam rangka menekan angka penyebaran COVID-19 memaksa masyarakat untuk menegosiasikan kebutuhannya terhadap air dan sanitasi yang sangat penting bagi kesehatan. Akibat dari tidak diperhatikannya aspek rekognisi dan partisipasi, pendatang yang tinggal di Jakarta justru semakin kesulitan untuk mendapatkan akses terhadap air. Upaya yang dilakukan pemerintah juga masih sebatas pengadaan fasilitas cuci tangan di daerah urban poor yang, tentunya, tidak mampu memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari mereka terhadap air. Di akhir presentasinya, Marwa menyatakan bahwa alih-alih terus memperdebatkan persoalan remunisipalisasi dan privatisasi, penting bagi pemerintah untuk segera bergerak ke arah proses rekognisi dan partisipasi bagi masyarakat dalam proses tata kelola air. Tidak hanya itu, jika selama ini urban poor hanya dijadikan propaganda untuk memperbaiki proses tata kelola air, pandemi COVID-19 sejatinya menjadi momentum yang tepat untuk menyuarakan pentingnya pengelolaan air yang lebih adil, fleksibel, dan berkelanjutan bagi seluruh masyarakat.


Penulis : Brigitta Kalina Tristani Hernawan

Penyunting : Medisita Febrina

National Security Bill and the New Phase for “Mainlandization” of Hong Kong: Is it the Beginning of the End?

As the pandemic is beginning to decline, people of Hong Kong pour onto the street once again to protest encroachment to the city’s autonomy. By 28 May 2020, over 360 protesters were being arrested for their protest against Hong Kong’s national security bill that recently won overwhelming 2.878-1 votes from the National People’s Congress (NPC). Though the draft hasn’t yet legislated by the Standing Committee of NPC—highest legislative body from the People’s Republic—the draconian law presents imminent setback for Hong Kong’s hard-fought democracy. The proposed bill could penalize wide ranging activities, spanning from act of subversion, activity that involves foreign power, and ‘terrorist’ action that can endanger state’s security. In sum, national security bill will provide legal basis to criminalize protest against embreachment of Hong Kong’s democracy, vested by “one country-two system” principle (Bradhser, 2020). Moreover, national security bill also open the new phase of Beijing’s ‘mainlandization’ effort that bypass Hong Kong’s Chief Executive Office and even Legislative Council (LegCo) which appears to be failed in carrying such mission months earlier, before the pandemic begin to engulf both China and the city. As China declares triumphant over the months-long pandemic, mainland government begin to tighten its grip once again to secure its ‘territorial integrity.’ Addressing the issue of Hong Kong’s autonomy is becoming the matter of urgency, as the present situation indicates culmination on both China’s intrusion and pro-democracy resistance.

Mainland-Leaning Government and Long Quest for Autonomy

Though the subsequent clash came after anti-Extradition Law protest in early June 2019, greater causes of this protest can be traced back to 2014 Umbrella Movement and even earlier to 2003 anti-subversion law. After becoming separate entity from mainland China for over 150 years, Hong Kong is vested with higher degree of autonomy that guarantee city’s political, economic, and judicial system remain unchanged for 50 years since its handover from British colony on 1997. However, Hong Kong Basic Law that become materialization of ‘one country, two system’ never actually took place ever since Margaret Thatcher and Premier Zhao Ziyang signed Sino-British Joint Declaration back in 1984. Article 45, for instance, ensure universal suffrage—voting rights for all Hong Kong citizens—to elect their own government. Notwithstanding the law, after its handover to China only 35 from 70 seats from Hong Kong’s LegCo are directly voted by citizens. The rest are indirectly selected through the functional constituency, representing interest group that mainly belong to pro-Beijing faction (Lum, 2020). Effort to preserve city’s autonomy, as it enshrined by the Basic Law, became exacerbated after 2014 legislation necessitated Hong Kong Chief Executive’s candidate to be pre-approved by Chinese Communist Party (CCP)—effectively put the city’s highest executive office under strong Beijing influence (Lum, 2020).

Posed by structural problem from the city’s mainland-leaning government, safeguarding Hong Kong’s autonomy rest only on the shoulders of its people and—to limited degree—foreign pressure. Especially, from the United States and United Kingdom that is deemed to bear responsibility on preserving former crown colony’s autonomy until 2047 (Kilcoyne, 2020). Recently on 28 May, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced that Hong Kong is no longer maintains ‘higher degree of autonomy’ over mainland China. The consequence is then US can possibly uplift preferential treatment to Hong Kong—status that has long sustain the city’s status as central trade hub and ‘middleman’ between US and China, especially after the onset of Trade War (Gunia, 2020). UK, alongside with Australia, New Zealand, and Canada signed a joint-statement to condemn the act of “curtailing the Hong Kong people’s liberties.” UK in particular, threatened to change the status of British National Overseas passport that will ease the path of Hong Kong people to obtain UK’s citizenship—defection in the eye of Beijing (Bradhser, 2020). Despite of the threat or any ‘naming and shaming’ from international community, question arise whether will it really help the cause of Hong Kong protest?

Will Foreign Pressure Enough?

Despite of condemnations it has undergone, China shows resilience on consolidating its power during the last few years. After Xi Jinping assumed the office of president and general secretary of CCP in 2016, China conspicuously became more assertive than ever before and gradually begin to abandon the notion to “Hide your capacities and bide your time,” back during the reformation era under Deng Xiaoping. After declaring the vision of “Great Rejuvenation of Chinese Nation” China appears willing to stain its international reputation in exchange for expanding influence and consolidating power upon the country’s periphery (Magnus, 2018, p. 204). Recent showdown in South China Sea, escalating pressure to isolate Taiwan, and ongoing mass detention in Xinjiang Province exemplified China’s resolve to secure its territorial integrity. Ultimately, integrating Hong Kong under mainland control is an integral part to achieve the so-called “China Dream.” Most notably, after Xi Jinping successfully consolidate his power when the 13th NPC decided to remove China’s presidential term limit—condition that theoretically allow him to become president for life and consequently push the “Great Rejuvenation” agenda.

Whether foreign pressures will be effective to halt the ‘mainlandization,’ certain thing is today’s China is unlike China back in 1997. Rapid economic growth that converges with higher CCP’s legitimacy during the last 23 years finally resulted in, undoubtedly, superpower in the eastern hemisphere. With its current status, China won’t face the same consequences as it did back then during Tiananmen Massacre in 1989—grave human rights violation that subsequently doomed yet-to-be-powerful China with tight sanctions. China’s audacity to detain millions Uyghurs in Xinjiang despite of international condemnations indicate that China is more than willing when it comes to ‘territorial integrity,’ that includes integrating Hong Kong into mainland’s realm (Huang, 2017, p. 239). With that being said, foreign response should reconsider whether their action will hinder China to undermine Hong Kong’s autonomy or will it just lower Hong Kong’s leverage vis a vis China? US’s plan to uplift Hong Kong’s preferential treatment will not only ineffective to stop China from tightening its grip, but can also make the city to lose its economic privilege that 7.4 million Hongkongers rely on during the process (Gunia, 2020).

Is it the End for Bastion of Liberty?

Series of anti-mainland protest in Hong Kong present similar feature with other anti-imperial movements in the heart of mainland China. Most notably, the 1919 May Fourth Movement when nation-wide protest took place against the remains of Qing Dynasty and colonial power that, at that time, still retain huge concessions of the empire (Wasserstrom, 2019, p. 342). May Fourth and various movement that become resemblance of the current Hong Kong protest present similar feature when people took to the street as the government is no longer remain accountable to protect its own people. The current condition of pro-democracy protest in Hong Kong—where the government is structurally leaning towards Beijing and foreign countries can only give limited pressure to halt ‘mainlandization’ attempt—makes the people put Hong Kong’s fate to nothing else but their protest on the street.

While public gathering is still limited by health protocol, the government seemingly took the chance by legislating National Security Bill alongside with National Anthem Bill that will criminalize people who disrespect China’s national anthem. The case when government gain momentum to legislate controversial bill—that supposedly ignite mass protest before the pandemic—also not limited in China. Similarly, other case like Hungary which end legal recognition of LGBT people, India that legislate domicile law on Kashmir, and including Indonesia that recently pass the notorious mining law (UU Minerba) all took place when people access to carry protests are severely restricted. The pandemic gives disproportionate effect, not only to the general populace, but also to pro-democracy protest with their movements are being circumscribed. The pandemic also enables authoritarian order to take place by using public health and maintaining security as justification (Roth, 2020).

Sino-British Joint Declaration stipulates Hong Kong’s autonomy to remain intact until the city is fully transferred under mainland authority in 2047. Recent push on ‘mainlandization,’ however, shows that Beijing is seemingly not eager to wait for 50 years while it capable to do it more early. Albeit many believe that the future of Hong Kong’s status as “bastion of liberty” is seemingly ill-fated, Hongkongers still remain relentless on defending their hard-fought freedom, especially the youth that constitutes majority of this movement. By 2047, most Hong Kong citizen will be the people that carry protest nowadays. Quoting Joshua Wong in Tan (2020), “Time is running out in Hong Kong … (that is almost turning from) ‘one country, two systems’ to ‘one country, one system’ and (this) seems to be the beginning of the end.”  Pertaining to either Basic Law or Sino-British Declaration, Hong Kong will ultimately become the integral part of China by 2047. The face of Hong Kong after that transfer, however, fully depends on today’s resistance.

 

 

REFERENCES

Bradsher. Keith. (2020, May 28). China Approves Plan to Rein In Hong Kong, Defying Worldwide

Outcry. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/world/asia/china-hong-kong-crackdown.html.

Gunia, Amy. (2020, May 29). The U.S. Might Revoke Hong Kong’s ‘Special Status.’ Here’s What

That Means for Business in the Global Financial Hub. Time. https://time.com/5842158/hong-kong-autonomy-trade-business-china-us/

Huang, Jing. (2017). “Xi Jinping’s Taiwan Policy: Boxing Taiwan In with the One-China

Framework.” in Dittmer, Lowell (Ed). Taiwan and China. University of California Press. pp. 239-247

Kilcoyne, Matt. (2020, May 27). Our failure to help the people of Hong Kong shames us all.

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/05/27/failure-help-people-hong-kong-shames-us/

Lum, Alvin. (2020, April 6). Hong Kong’s opposition targets Legislative Council seats it has not

won in over 20 years for majority bid. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3078524/hong-kongs-opposition-targets-legislative-council-seats-it

Magnus, George. (2018). Why Xi’s China Is in Jeopadry?. Yale University Press.

Roth, Kenneth. (2020, April 3). How Authoritarians Are Exploiting the COVID-19 Crisis to Grab

Power. Human Right Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/04/how-authoritarians-are-exploiting-covid-19-crisis-grab-power

Tan, Huleng. (2020, May 27). Hong Kong activist Joshua Wong says Beijing’s bill is about

boosting Communist regime, not national security. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/27/joshua-wong-beijing-bill-is-about-boosting-communist-regime-not-security.html

Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. (2019). “Hong Kong Now, Shanghai Then.” in Ma, Ngok & Cheng, Edmund

  1. (Eds). The Umbrella Movement: Civil Resistance and Contentious Space in Hong Kong. Amsterdam University Press.

Writer : Arrizal Anugerah J.

Editor : Angganararas Indriyosanti

[RECAP] Beyond the Great Wall #8: China 2020: Traditional and Nontraditional Security Challenges

Amidst the pandemic that demands self-quarantine and working from home, Institute of International Studies Universitas Gadjah Mada managed to assemble the forum of Beyond the Great Wall #8 online through Google Meet on May 15, 2020. In its eighth edition, Beyond the Great Wall invited two speakers to discuss both traditional and nontraditional security challenges China is facing in 2020. Our first speaker Fadhil Sulaeman, who is currently serving as the Head of Research and Development for Student Association of Belt and Road Initiative (SABRI) UGM Chapter, delivered a presentation on the topic of “China’s Strategy in South China Sea”. Meanwhile, our second speaker Muhammad Reza, currently serving as a media analyst in PT Indonesia Indikator, addressed the topic of “China’s Medical Insurance System”. Also present in last Friday’s forum were Nur Rachmat Yuliantoro, currently acting as the Head of International Relations Department of UGM as well as the convener of Beyond the Great Wall, and Lucke Haryo S. P., IIS UGM library staff, as moderator.

The forum starts with Fadhil explaining the importance of the South China Sea conflict. Three reasons exhibit this conflict’s significance: (1) the entrance of foreign vessels into Indonesia’s exclusive economic zone; (2) claims from Indonesia’s ASEAN neighbors on the conflict; (3) the involvement of the United States and China as important actors in international politics. South China Sea is a highly strategic territory due to abundance in natural resources, as well as its role as the main route for international trade. Furthermore, the disputed waters are infamous for various transnational crimes, ranging from trade of illegal goods to human and drug trafficking. Considering said strategic values of South China Sea, seven countries have put up overlapping claims on the territory. Fadhil pointed out three main islands on dispute, namely the Spratly Islands, the Paracel Islands, and the Scarborough Shoal. All three were of great significance to China’s interest, both in the ASEAN region and in international politics.

[layerslider id=”27″]

While describing the China-United States dynamics in the South China Sea conflict, Fadhil stated that confrontation between the two occurred as a result of different legal basis adopted to justify respective claims. The United States referred to Freedom of Navigation Operations as a result of international arbitration process, declaring South China Sea as international waters, resulting in freedom of movement and absence of obligation to report upon passage. On the other hand, China rejected the verdict and insisted on adhering to the principle of Innocent Passage. The principle implicates the obligation for vessels to report upon passage, as well as limited movement. Overlapping claims, combined with different stances on UNCLOS, made confrontation inevitable. However, China-United States confrontation has always been mere intimidation hitherto, i.e. Chinese and American vessels sailing in immediate vicinity of each other a while ago, and never resulted in an armed confrontation. Fadhil wrapped up his presentation with response to the question of whether the United States is bold enough to initiate physical confrontation with China.

“The United States is the only country capable of outdoing China’s naval force. However, escalating the conflict will present the United States as an aggressor. Hence, provocation and intimidation should be taken as solutions” Fadhil answered.

The second session focused on nontraditional security challenges China is facing in 2020, particularly in public health matters. Muhammad Reza began his presentation with an interesting fact: the Chinese government has only reformed its medical insurance system in 2015, relatively recent compared to Indonesia who launched its new insurance system in the first term of President Joko Widodo’s presidency. In order to improve its health services, China allocated 850 million yuan to support three types of insurance scheme: (1) the urban employment-based basic medical insurance, aimed for the working class living in cities; (2) urban resident medical insurance for children and students; (3) new rural cooperative medical scheme for rural residents. All types of subsidy apply for the entire Chinese population, except those in Macau and Hong Kong.

Reza made clear that although reformed, the Chinese medical insurance system is still flawed. The reimbursement rate for inpatient care facilities is still low and continues to decrease. Consequently, the government persistently attempts to refine its system, notably during the emergence of COVID-19 in China and its spread worldwide. Many parties view that the government’s approach in handling the spread of the virus is effective, covering lockdowns, strict supervision, as well as deployment of government intelligence agents and face recognition technology to track citizens. At the moment, the government is pursuing the development of artificial intelligence to prevent similar outbreaks in the future. Reza asserted that the significant budget will eventually be able to advance the system.

The forum is concluded with statements from Nur Rachmat Yuliantoro. Indonesia and the international community, according to Nur Rachmat, should not slack in keeping up with the issue of South China Sea despite the pandemic. Indonesia and ASEAN should not give in to China. In fact, Indonesia is under great obligation to ensure regional stability, particularly if China’s strategy threatens Indonesia’s straits. Meanwhile, in discussing China’s medical insurance system, Nur Rachmat affirmed that it is normal for China to have reformed its system only recently, followed by the ambition to develop artificial intelligence with an even larger budget than the United States’. Nur Rachmat argued that the employment of artificial intelligence by the Chinese government in the future will be massive, not only to tackle COVID-19, but also track its citizens.


Writer : Brigitta Kalina Tristani Hernawan

Editor : Medisita Febrina