[RECAP] 75 Years Too Long: Ending the Age of Nuclear Weapons Through the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

On Saturday, 15 August 2020, Institute of International Studies UGM, in collaboration with the International Committee of the Red Cross/ICRC and the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons/ICAN, organized a webinar titled “75 Years Too Long: Ending the Age of Nuclear Weapons through the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons” as a part of the “75^th Anniversary of the Atomic Bombing Series”. Speaking on the webinar were Tim Wright, Campaign Coordinator for ICAN, and Christian Donny Putranto, legal advisor for ICRC; moderated by Muhadi Sugiono, a lecturer of Department of International Relations UGM and also a campaigner for ICAN.

The first speaker, Christian Donny Putranto, explained the correlation between nuclear weapons and international humanitarian law. Intrigued by the severe humanitarian repercussions of the Hiroshima-Nagasaki bombing, ICRC invited the members of Geneva Convention 1946 to develop a treaty regulating the use of nuclear weapons in 1950. Seventy years since the initiative was brought up, plenty of legal instruments regarding nuclear weapons have been formalized. However, all of them remain as partial bans. Some only regulate the proliferation aspect of them, while the others prohibit testing on specific locations (like the sea or earth/moon orbits). To this day, there hasn’t been a single treaty that possesses the power to fully ban nuclear weapons worldwide.

In fact, when observed through the lens of international humanitarian law, the use of nuclear weapons violates the principles of: (1) distinction, as the weapon is unable to distinguish civilians from combatants when launching attacks; (2) proportionality, since nuclear weapons cause disproportionately large damage compared to its initial military objective; (3) precautions, due to its nature of causing unnecessary suffering. Unfortunately, despite causing an endless cycle of suffering, international humanitarian law hasn’t specifically regulated the use of nuclear weapons. At the end of his presentation, Donny asked all parties to prioritize humanity above all else in this matter. He wrapped up with an important reflection: that weapons risking catastrophic humanitarian consequences can’t possibly be viewed as providing people security.

The next speaker, Tim Wright from ICAN, demonstrated the urgency of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons/TPNW. According to him, there are 30,000 existing nuclear weapons up to this day. This is disheartening, considering its detrimental impact on many aspects of human lives, including migration crisis, declining climate condition, famine caused by disruption of agriculture production, and direct physical damage on survivors. Currently, there is only one treaty which can be devised to abolish the weapon, which is the TPNW.

TPNW was formalized in 2017 to oversee the total abolition and discontinuation of nuclear weapons development, including pre-existing ones. The Treaty fully bans nuclear weapons, meaning there is no single circumstance under which nuclear weapons are allowed to be deployed nor developed. To date, 122 countries have signed the treaty, with only 44 of them having ratified it. The Treaty needs another six ratifications to enter into force.

The belief in the deterrence effect of nuclear weapons remains a major obstacle for countries to sign or ratify the Treaty. Tim argued that the most effective way to counter this paradigm is to burden nuclear-armed countries with negative stigma.

Specifically speaking on Indonesia’s role in TPNW, Tim reckoned that the government needs to ratify the treaty as a concrete action to abolish nuclear weapons. As a member of the Non-Bloc Movement, Indonesia has been actively expressing its concerns about nuclear weapons as a threat to humanity at international fora. Yet, Tim believed Indonesia still has room to enhance its participation in talking about the morality of the weapons. Most importantly, Indonesia needs to ratify the Treaty to deem it legitimate and finally free the world from nuclear threat.

Penulis : Brigitta Kalina Tristani Hernawan

Penyunting : Medisita Febrina