[RECAP] Beyond the Great Wall #11: The Rise and Future of China’s Power Projection

On 20 November 2020, Institute of International Studies Universitas Gadjah Mada organized its 11^th edition of Beyond the Great Wall via Zoom discussing “The Rise and Future of China’s Power Projection”. Invited in the forum were Angelo Wijaya, founder of Student Association of Belt and Road Initiative (SABRI) Chapter UGM and Demas Nauvarian, a international relations graduate student in Universitas Airlangga.Angelo presented his review of the book Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap, while Demas delivered his presentation discussing “The Evolution of Chinese Geostrategic Thinking and Strategic Culture: From Sea Power to Space Power.” Indrawan Jatmika, researcher for IIS UGM, helped moderate the discussion.

Angelo began his review stating that in the near future, China is going to become the number one strongest power in the world as its economy will rise in 2024, even topping the US. Such potential certainly becomes a threat to the US, hence the US’ tendencies to disagree and contend with China, and eventually waging the trade war. The book Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’ Trap attempts to complement Thucydides’ argument in his legendary tale The Peloponnesian War. Graham Allison, the author of the book, introduces the term “Thucydides’ trap” to describe the tendency to wage war when a new power emerges to replace existing ones. The argument is not entirely correct as, in reality, not all countries have such tendency.

One question, then, emerges: will China and the US be able to survive the Thucydides’ trap? Angelo laid out a few points that the US needs to pay close attention to. First, they need to reconsider and clarify their vital interests. In this case, is the South China Sea dispute of top priority? Moreover, they need to examine more closely what the Chinese are doing, particularly in regards to its foreign policy. They will, then, need to proceed with the strategies—which, in its formulation, should consider conditions at the macro level—accordingly. Lastly, domestic challenges should also be taken into consideration in the formulation of foreign policy. Said challenges include the matter of trust given by domestic institutions, social political system, and the general public.

Angelo wrapped up his speech with a call to perceive China’s rise holistically; basically, China’s rise also caters to the US interest. “In its path to becoming a new power, it’s wise to recall this quote from the Spiderman movie, with a great power comes greater responsibility,” Angelo said.

The second session focused on China’s rarely discussed space and naval power. In explaining China’s grand strategy to harmonize their power instruments, Demas showcased that there were two approaches the Chinese use: (1) the geostrategic—prioritizing geographic factors—and military approach; (2) the strategic cultural approach which deals with geographic and historic aspects as means to achieve welfare. Just as every country prioritizes certain issues in the purpose of increasing their power, China prioritizes its naval sector.

Speaking on naval strategy, Demas explained that two theoretical approaches could be utilized in examining a state’s classical sea power. First, the Mahan approach believes that naval strategy ought to focus on navy modernization. Hence, use of the navy, strength, and sea control constitute the most important factors. The second approach, Corbett’s maritime strategy, highlights the need to combine land and sea factors to control the sea. Military and civil elements, land and sea power, as well as sea command are crucial. Since adopting the naval sector strategy, China repeatedly used different approaches in accordance to its ever-changing leadership goals. As of now, China’s strategy focuses on defending what they own and claiming on whatever they don’t. The strategy explicitly exhibits how China tends to be assertive in border issues, most importantly in the South China Sea dispute.

Meanwhile, Demas argued that China’s space strategy depends on its maritime strategy. Currently, the Chinese space force is focusing on various cooperation efforts with other countries for development. While its gradually rising space force seemingly threatens western countries, it is important to note that China’s strategies in achieving its goals always differ with that of the west’. In its strategy formulation, China perceives the world in two different ways. One way is through the lens of Confucianism which avoids use of military means to fulfill national goals. Another way is the realist para bellum perspective which believes that the nature of international politics is anarchic, hence the need to wage war. China sees from both perspectives in arranging its grand strategy of space and naval power.